天文学家发现迄今最大恒星级黑洞 | 一周看点
天文学家发现迄今最大恒星级黑洞
文学家发现了一个黑洞，质量大约是太阳的70倍，但根据目前恒星演化的模型来看，至少在银河系中这种体积是不可能存在的。
外媒报道
The chemical composition of our galaxy’s most massive stars suggests that they lose most of their mass at the end of their lives through explosions and powerful stellar winds, before the star's core collapses into a black hole.
银河系中最大的恒星的化学成分表明，在恒星的核心坍缩成黑洞之前，它们在生命的最后阶段会通过爆炸和猛烈的恒星风失去大部分质量。
The hefty stars in the mass range that could produce a black hole are expected to end their lives in what is called a pair-instability supernova that completely obliterates the stellar core. So astronomers are scratching their heads trying to figure out how the black hole - named LB-1 - got so chonky.
在能产生黑洞的质量范围内的超大恒星预计在毁灭之后会成为不稳定对超新星，恒星的核心完全摧毁。所以天文学家也摸不着头脑，想弄清楚这个名为LB-1的黑洞为何如此巨大。
“Black holes of such mass should not even exist in our galaxy, according to most of the current models of stellar evolution,” said astronomer Jifeng Liu of the National Astronomical Observatory of China.
中国国家天文台的天文学家刘继峰说：“根据目前大多数恒星演化的模型来看，这种质量的黑洞甚至都不应该存在于我们的星系中。”
“LB-1 is twice as massive as what we thought possible. Now theorists will have to take up the challenge of explaining its formation.”
“LB-1是我们想象中可能存在的质量的二倍，现在理论家们要想办法解释一下它是如何形成的。”
印度海军启用了有史以来首位女飞行员
印度海军迎来了首位女飞行员，Shivangi中尉驾驶飞机将成为该国武装部队的另一重要里程碑。
外媒报道
Shivangi, 24, who goes by one name, will be given her wings and join naval operations in a ceremony on Monday.
Shivangi的名字只有一个词，今年24岁的她将驾驶飞机参加周一的海军行动仪式。
“It’s a very big thing,” Shivangi told CNN. “It’s a big responsibility for all of us and I know that I have to do well.”
Shivangi对CNN说：“这是一件大事，对我们所有人来说是重大责任，我知道我要圆满完成任务。”
Shivangi completed her basic training in 2018 at the Indian Naval Academy and was brought to Kochi, in southwest India’s Kerala state, to train with the Indian naval air squadron, the INAS 550.
Shivangi于2018在印度海军学院完成基础训练，然后被送往印度西南部喀拉拉邦的科钦与印度海空军中队INAS 550一起训练。
Until 1992, India’s naval forces only permitted women to serve in medical services.
1992年之前印度海军只允许女性从事医疗服务。
Shivangi will be tasked with flying Dornier aircraft, which are used by the navy for transport and maritime reconnaissance, taking off and landing on the shore, rather than from an aircraft carrier.
Shivangi将被派去驾驶多尼尔飞机，它被海军用来运输和海上侦察，在岸上而不是航母上起降。
厄尔尼诺现象正在变严重
如果说厄尔尼诺以前很危险，那它在不久的将来将变得极具破坏性。最近的研究表明这些已经很严重并难以预测的自然天气现象现在正朝着更极端的方向发展。
外媒报道
Climate scientists have long suspected a cause-and-effect relationship between global warming and El Niño, but while some studies have shown stronger and longer events with growing global temperatures, others have found the opposite.
很久以来气候科学家一直怀疑全球变暖和厄尔尼诺之间有因果关系，但是虽然一些研究已经表明全球变暖会造成更严重更持久的自然现象，但其他研究结果恰恰相反。
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural weather cycle that has heated and cooled the equatorial Pacific ocean for thousands of years, causing large-scale weather changes. Predicting when, where and how this pendulum will swing, however, has proved quite difficult.
厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（发生于赤道东太平洋地区的风场和海面温度震荡）是数千年来给赤道太平洋升温和降温的自然天气循环，会造成大范围的天气变化。但经证实预测这种周期变化的时间、地点和方式是相当困难的。
Usually showing up every two to seven years, El Niño events are known to cause brief spikes in global surface temperatures, whereas La Niña events trigger the opposite cooling effect.
厄尔尼诺现象通常每两年至七年出现一次，现在普遍认为它造成了全球地表温度短暂上升，而拉尼娜现象则引发了相反的降温效应。
手机能监控疾病但得贡献个人隐私
在麻省理工学院进行的一项新研究中，健康研究员提出使用实时手机数据跟踪和遏制重大疾病突发。
不幸的是，研究人员在获取这些数据时遇到了一些障碍，如对隐私的担忧、缺乏与数据相关的法律。
外媒报道
Through a deal with Singapore telecom Singtel, MIT researchers were able to get access to four months’ worth of anonymized cell-phone location data from 2011.
通过与新加坡电信公司合作，麻省理工学院的研究人员成功获取了2011年起 4个月的匿名手机定位数据。
The disease they were tracking was a 2013 outbreak of dengue fever, a virus transmitted via mosquito that manifests in headaches, muscle pain, and vomiting.
他们要追踪的是2013年爆发的登革热，这是一种通过蚊子传播的病毒，症状表现为头痛、肌肉疼痛和呕吐。
The researchers hypothesized that the disease traveled around the city along the same routes as people’s phones did.
研究人员猜测这种疾病在城市的传播路径和人们手机的移动路径是一致的。
When they tested their predictions against census data for 2013 and 2014, which recorded the number of cases over the course of two years, they found the models were accurately estimating the growth trajectory the disease.
他们将自己的预测与2013年和2014年的人口普查数据进行了对比，该数据记录了两年间的病例数量，他们发现模型准确估计了疾病的发展轨迹。
